A leading M.I.T. social scientist and consultant examines five professions - engineering, architecture, management, psychotherapy, and town planning - to show how professionals really go about solving problems. The best professionals, Donald Schön maintains, know more than they can put into words. To meet the challenges of their work, they rely less on formulas learned in graduate school than on the kind of improvisation learned in practice. This unarticulated, largely unexamined process is the subject of Schön's provocatively original book, an effort to show precisely how 'reflection-in-action' works and how this vital creativity might be fostered in future professionals. 'An important contribution to the literature of planning theory and practice. The Reflective Practitioner offers much food for thought about how planning should be taught and practiced.' Judith I deNeufville, American Planning Association Journal, USA 'Clarifies the struggle between art and science in the professional manager's thought process. It is also well written.' Harvard Business Review