Modern co-operative and mutual enterprises (CMEs) are member-owned corporations. Found around the world and across all industries, CMEs exist to solve economic and/or social problems. Funded by the Australian Research Council (ARC) the research underlying this book draws upon multiple longitudinal case studies across industries and nations, collected, and analysed by the authors, to examine the economic and social contribution of the CME business model to their members at a regional or national level. Commencing with an overview of the nature and history of CMEs, the book deploys multiple theoretical frameworks to examine the roles played by social cooperation, government policy, industry structure, and the natural environment in shaping CME business models, corporate strategies, and organisational configurations. The book concludes with a synthesis of the economic and social contributions of these cases, examining their similarities and differences with comparison cases and broader global research. The book's greatest strengths are its historical depth, the scale of its empirical base, and its practical relevance to CME practitioners and policymakers. The inclusion of demutualisation cases alongside enduring success stories gives the analysis genuine critical balance. This is a significant and timely contribution to the CME literature, offering both theoretical rigour and rich empirical grounding. It will be of considerable value to researchers, educators, CME directors and managers, and anyone interested in alternative enterprise models that prioritise community and member benefit alongside economic sustainability.