This book aims to trace the evolution of computer networks from their inception to their current advanced forms, highlighting key characteristics, issues, and challenges associated with widely used modern networks. It provides a comprehensive introduction and overview of advanced network fundamentals, effectively demonstrated through architecture, protocols, security, and contemporary applications. The book addresses performance-related concerns such as security, trust, privacy, fault tolerance, energy efficiency, and routing, examined from the perspective of specific network types and applications. It is enriched with case studies and prototype developments of smart applications, including architecture, algorithm modeling, and implementation, offering readers both theoretical insights and practical understanding. Each chapter includes a dedicated problem section featuring brainstorming exercises designed to encourage readers to explore and build a complete understanding of the subject matter, both in terms of study and application. This approach aims to make the book more engaging and intellectually stimulating for readers.