Since the beginning of the 21st century, desertification and water stress have steadily intensified under the combined effects of climate change, demographic pressure, and unsustainable development models. This global phenomenon, affecting regions as diverse as the African Sahel, northern China, and the Middle East, threatens the food security, social stability, and economic prospects of hundreds of millions of people. Faced with these systemic challenges, some nations have undertaken large-scale projects to reverse the trend and restore the productive capacity of their lands.