This two-volume edited collection showcases the work of leading scholars researching hate crime perpetration. It explores current research into hate crime perpetration, develops theoretical perspectives, and provides scholarly analysis of legal frameworks, policy responses and criminal justice practice. It seeks to understand how hate and intolerance manifest and are perpetrated. 

This Volume (II) focuses on developing responses to hate in online and offline settings while Volume I assesses offender profiles and motivation. Together they highlight links between different forms and arenas of hate crime offending and provides new perspectives on the nature of contemporary hate and intolerance, how it can be understood, and how it might be effectively tackled. 

This two-volume collection contends that 'difference' in all its forms can be targeted by vitriol and abuse across and beyond the recognised 'five strands' of hate crime law and policy in England and Wales (racist, religiously motivated, homophobic, transphobic and disablist) alongside broader behaviours that underpin intolerance (such as scapegoating, stereotyping and microaggressions). These volumes bring together a range of perspectives to provide the readers - be they students, academics, policy makers, practitioners or the general public - with a comprehensive understanding of this topic.

1.Introduction.- Section 1: Sites of offending.- 2."Spatial analysis on Hate Crimes among London Wards"; Yuhan Feng and Yijing Li, King's College London.- 3."Perpetrators of Hate Crime around the space of Mosques"; Mikahil Sulaiman Azad, Birmingham City University.- 4."From Trolling to Online Hate: A Conceptualisation of Incel’s Misogynistic Ideology and Speech as a Gender-Based Hate Crime"; Anda Solea, University of Portsmouth.- 5."The Ecosystem of Hate"; Matteo Vergani, Deakin University.- Section 2: Responding to Offenders.- 6."On the implications of institutional bias in criminal justice systems for legislative approaches to addressing hate crime"; Amanda Haynes and Jennifer Schweppe, University of Limerick.- 7."Platform Governance and Gendered Hate: Addressing Misogynistic Online Hate Crime and Speech on Social Media Platforms"; Esli Chan, McGill University, Canada.- 8."Pathways out of hate groups: Trends in the empirical literature and future directions"; Tiana Gaudette and Ryan Scrivens - School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University.- 9."Proving it is the problem: Ice cold cases, hot button issues, and justice seeking for historical LGBTIQ violence"; Nicole L Asquith, Andy Kaladelfos and Geoff Steer, University of Tasmania and University of New South Wales.- 10."Prosecution of Hate Crime Offenders"; Zainab Bakarr Kamara, Florida State University.- 11."Breaking the cycle" The Holocaust Centre, Nottingham.- 12.Conclusion.