The analysis of writing is shown to parallel that of speech. Graphemes-- that is, letter shapes--are analyzed in terms of the physical distinctive features of strokes, minimal pairs, and etic and emic components.

This article presents an outline of procedures followed by the ancient Hittite woman in dealing with the processes of pregnancy and birth. These ritual texts with notes and comments include translations of seven relevant incantations dealing with pregnancy, delivery, and ceremonies following parturition. Magico religious, medical, festal observances relating to the birth cycle are included. Philological details are kept to a minimum for the sake of the non-specialist while scholars in the field will find ample documentation in the author's dissertation.