The identity of the Moors who invaded and occupied parts of present-day Spain and Portugal from 711 AD until the reconquest in 1492 AD is still a matter of intense debate.

When the Arabs conquered North Africa, it was the Black African Moors who led the invasion of Spain, or Al-Andalus on behalf of the Arabs. That these Moors or Berbers, as they have sometimes been called, were Blacks will be made clear in this work. Early Arab historians have referred to the initial invasion of Spain as having been led by 'Sudanese,' which is the Arabic term for Blacks. The Byzantine historian, Procopius, referred to the Moors as 'A Black African race,' in the index of his book 'History of the Wars.' With the passage of time, however, the word 'Moor' was not restricted to the Black race.

The contributions of the Moors in various fields helped lift Europe out of the 'Dark Ages' and into the Renaissance.